| 摘要: | 清代詞家眾多，最具有傳奇色彩的，當屬納蘭性德（西元1654—1685年）。納蘭性德的詞章真實抒情，除了在康熙朝已廣為流傳，家家爭唱；長久以來，亦有許多讀者賞愛其詞，學術界研究者頗眾，甚至有「蘭學」的研究盛況，說明了納蘭詞有其跨越時空界限的永恆魅力。 納蘭性德為康熙朝首輔之臣納蘭明珠之子，雖貴為滿族子胄，但他精進習儒，其思維價值觀，受儒家影響至深：學習漢文化的態度是儒生式的；在職場的自我期許，也是循漢人儒家傳統知識分子的價值。這樣的思想特色成就了他在漢學的建樹，卻也造成他在侍衛一職的抑鬱。侍衛工作與其志向大相逕庭，造成納蘭性德人生失意的鬱悶；而另一個生命的憂傷正肇源於：精神知己愛妻的亡逝。情感的歸屬被剝奪，用世的抱負沒有施展的舞台，兩大生命歸屬的悵失，正是納蘭性德詞風哀感愁鬱的主要原因。 納蘭性德與其妻盧氏結褵僅三年，妻子便因產後患疾青春早逝，帶給他極大的震撼與悲慟。本論文整理出納蘭性德蘊含「悼亡」情感的五十九首悼亡詞，這五十九首悼亡詞的寫作時間橫跨將近八年 ，語境鋪敘的情感特質及悲傷歷程的軌跡頗值得探討，筆者將納蘭悼亡詞分為四類情感表抒方式：一為初喪愛妻的悲慟期，說明痛失伴侶的哀傷，感於分屬陰陽兩個世界的絕望悽切；二是表達詞人舊地重遊、睹物思人，憶念更添；第三類說明詞人「每逢佳節倍寂寥」格外冷清的思緒；第四類則以詞人執著情深，在妻子已亡故許多年後，內心深處眷戀之情仍常在的悼亡詞為說明重點。 納蘭性德對感情相當執著，對死別的感受也格外強烈，他將個人對人生的真切體驗融入於詞，尤其是悼亡詞中滿佈那濃得散不開的惆悵，更是感染了讀者心之幽微處。其悼亡詞作彰顯了詞人哪些思惟價值觀，也是本論文重要的研究主題，在納蘭性德的悼亡詞作中，我們能感染到詞人悲傷歷程中的煎熬，也會感受到他出世入世的矛盾。而分析其「悔薄情」到「悔多情」，乃至「而今真個不多情」看似矛盾的情感態度，筆者發現，納蘭性德對盧氏的掛念並沒有因為時間流逝而削減，情感是一樣深刻的。而對生命苦痛本質的思維特點，也同樣存在於納蘭性德的悼亡詞中，透過對「事死之禮」的悼亡詞作剖析，筆者發現：納蘭性德的悼亡詞不但不見儒家著重現世的思維，反而呈現了頗多佛道觀點，認為人死後仍有情感覺知，縈繞著「返生」、「來世」、「輪迴」等宗教寄託。 除了以悼亡詞的情感特質分析、悼亡詞所體現的生命觀照深究納蘭性德情感淬鍊的美感呈現，本論文亦透過「修辭鍛鍊」、「典故應用」、「化用技巧」及「情景融合之藝」探討納蘭性德悼亡詞的藝術審美特色，以期論述之完整。納蘭性德筆下的悼亡詞，可說是歷代文人哀悼亡妻作品中，最具情真、篇幅最多的歷歷哀思。深沉的回憶形成了距離，從而淬鍊成藝術的美感呈現，引領讀者見識了真情的美麗動人，也昭示萬千讀者：人間的愛，是真可以生死不渝的。
There were many writers of Ci poetry in the Qing Dynasty, but the most legendary was Nalan Xingde (1654-1685). Nalan Xingde's Ci poetry was genuine and emotional, and was widely popular during the reign of Kangxi. For a long time, many readers enjoyed his works, and there are many researchers of his work; there was even a ＂Lan School＂ of academic study, which shows that Nalan's Ci poetry has a timeless attraction that transcends time and space. Nalan Xingde was the son of a top-tier minister Nalan Mingzhu under the Kangxi Emperor. Even though he was a Manchu, he studied Confucianism and was deeply affected by Confucianism in his views and values. The attitude of learning Chinese culture was a Confucian style; the self-expectations in the workplace also followed values of traditional Confucian literati. Such character of his thought enabled his accomplishments in Chinese, but also caused his depression while working as a guard. Guard work was completely different from his ambitions, which caused Nalan Xingde's depression in life. Another source of sadness in his life was the death of his beloved wife, his spiritual soul mate. Loss of an emotional home, and inability to realize his ambitions are the two primary reasons for the melancholy of Nalan Xingde's style of Ci poetry. Nalan Xingde was only married to his wife Lu for three years, before she died from childbirth complications, and this brought him great shock and sadness. This paper compiles 59 elegies written by Nalan Xingde that are full of ＂elegiac＂ emotions. These 59 elegies were written over about the course of nearly eight years, and the emotional quality of rhetorical descriptions and trajectory of the process of sadness are worthy of exploration. The Nalan Xingde's elegies are divided into four categories of emotional expression for explanatory focus: the first is the intense sadness right after losing his wife, which explains the pain of losing a spouse, and is the intense hopelessness of separation in two worlds; the second is the increased nostalgia for his wife upon visiting old places and memories of the past; the third is about the sullenness that the Ci writer feels whenever there are festivals occurring; and the fourth type is the elegy that describes lingering love for his dead wife, years after her death. Nalan Xingde held on to his feelings tightly, and felt especially strong feelings for the separation caused by death. He blended his personal experiences into his Ci poetry; the thick melancholy of his elegies produces an infectious feeling for the reader's own heart. Many of the elegies reveal the thoughts and values of the Ci writer, and this is another focus of this thesis. In Nalan Xingde's elegies, we can sense the pain in the experiences of the writer, and can sense the conflicts in and out of the world. In analyzing the seemingly contradictory emotional attitudes, from ＂regret for too little emotion＂ to ＂regret for too much emotion,＂ and to ＂but now there is truly little emotion,＂ the researcher found, Nalan Xingde's lingering thoughts of Lu do not decrease with the passage of time; his emotions remained deep. The unique thoughts about the painful character of life also existed in Nalan Xingde's elegies. Through analysis of elegies on ＂the rituals of death,＂ it is found that Nalan Xingde's elegies do not exhibit Confucian thoughts that focus on the current existence, but exhibit many Buddhist views, believing that people have feelings and cognition after they die, and ＂return to life,＂ ＂the next life,＂ and ＂reincarnation＂ are also present. Other than the emotional quality analysis of elegies, the views of life expressed by the elegies are also used to explore the aesthetic expression of Nalan Xingde's emotions. This thesis also uses ＂rhetorical cultivation,＂ ＂usage of allusions,＂ ＂transformative techniques,＂ and ＂the art of blending contexts＂ to explore the artistic and aesthetic qualities of Nalan Xingde's elegies, in order to make this discourse more comprehensive. Nalan Xingde's elegies can be said to be the most emotionally genuine and longest expression of thoughts among various literary works that lament the deaths of wives. Deep memory formed distance, and was distilled into artistic expression, which leads the readers to understand the beauty of true emotion, and tells them that love in the world can truly transcend life and death. |
