從一四九二年西班牙王國統一開始，政治與文化的「卡斯提亞化」一直是西班牙國家建構過程中的主流。佛朗哥時代，強迫境內不同族群接受文化同化和中央集權的統治政策，巴斯克文化不僅被視為邊緣文化而受到壓制，也使得西班牙政府和巴斯克地區的族群關係呈現緊張狀態。直到一九七五年佛朗哥逝世，西班牙開始民主化的過程。一九七八年的西班牙憲法承認境內的多元文化價值，巴斯克文化跳脫次等的地位變成被尊重的對象。一九八０年巴斯克文化局成立，象徵巴斯克文化邁向正常化的第一步，巴斯克政府如何藉著文化政策的推動，重建巴斯克族群認同，將攸關西班牙巴斯克的族群關係通往何處。 本論文參考資料來源主要有兩部份。第一是透過網際網路，收集有關巴斯克文化政策的巴斯克官方公報與官方資料，並且掌握西班牙和巴斯克的最新動態。第二是國內圖書館收藏的西班牙相關報紙、雜誌和書籍。透過學者與新聞記者針對西班牙和巴斯克的政治動態之分析與評論，瞭解巴斯克問題在西班牙國家架構下之發展背景。 本論文以歷史研究法中的文件分析法、比較研究法相互運用，以巴斯克族群認同的歷史發展為起點，接著進入文化政策的具體內容，最後分析文化政策對族群認同的意義為何。除了對文化政策的形成背景和演變過程作一時間性縱向分析以外，並針對文化政策的內容做資料整理、分析、比較與歸納的工作。最後，將所整理出的文化政策成果，比較巴斯克族群認同情況，分析巴斯克文化政策對族群認同的重建之意義。本論文的內容架構安排如下： 第一章緒論 第二章巴斯克族群認同的歷史發展 第三章巴斯克文化政策之形成背景與組織架構 第四章巴斯克文化政策之具體行動 第五章巴斯克文化政策對族群認同之意義 第六章結論 本論文研究結果發現，巴斯克文化政策對巴斯克族群意識的凝聚有正面的意義，而且文化權的實踐讓巴斯克人民的生活型態可以自主，也因此有助於形成巴斯克市民社會。而在西班牙憲法和巴斯克自治法的架構下，巴斯克社會逐漸發展成一個尊重多元文化共存的社會，這將有助於巴斯克族群關係的正常化。此外，本論文也發現二十餘年來巴斯克地區都是巴斯克民族黨執政，這不但使得巴斯克文化政策有獨尊巴斯克語的趨勢，也將是影響未來巴斯克族群關係是否轉變的關鍵。另外，全球化與歐洲整合等外在環境的改變，也逐漸影響巴斯克族群認同以及巴斯克的族群關係。 Since 1492 Spain became a unified country, the process toward the political and cultural dominance of Castile had been of fundamental importance to its nation-building. Successive central governments often imposed the repressive policy of cultural assimilation and state centralism on the non-dominant ethnic groups, therefore the ethnic relations in Spain were always considered as a permanent tension between centralization and fragmentation. After the death of Franco, there has been a trend toward greater respect for the cultural diversity. It wasn’t until the time of drawing up the 1978 Spanish Constitution that the power was devolved from the center to the autonomous communities. The creation of the Department of Culture in the Basque Autonomous Community in 1980 was the major step to implementing the normalization of Basque culture. It means the value of the regional voice inside Spanish policy-making has been acknowledged and the Basque culture can be revitalized. In this context, how the cultural policy adopted by the Basque Government reconstructs the Basque ethnic identity will be crucial to the ethnic relations in the Basque Country of Spain. This thesis exerts the methodology of historical research, such as documental analysis, comparison and induction. With an interpretation of theories of ethnicity and public policy, this thesis explores the significance of the Basque cultural policy for the Basque ethnic identity. The information presented in this thesis comes from two general sources; (1) the official documents and bulletins of the Basque Government that are obtained from the Internet; (2) the literature about the Basque politics written by scholars and journalists that is available in Taiwan. This thesis is divided into six chapters. (1) Introduction; (2) The historical evolution of the Basque ethnic identity; (3) The background of the formation of the Basque cultural policy and its administration (4) The implementation of the Basque cultural policy; (5) The significance of the Basque cultural policy for the Basque ethnic identity; (6) Conclusion. The findings of this thesis can be summarized as follows: (1) The implementation of the Basque cultural policy over the twenty years has the positive significance for the cohesion of the Basque ethnicity; (2) The trend toward multiculturalism has been realized in the Basque society; (3) The respect for cultural rights contributes to the formation of the Basque civil society.
