「制衡」的爭議─民主思想、制度設計與憲政運作

NHUIR > College of Social Sciences > Department of International and China Studies, The M.A. Program of Asia-Pacific Studies and Public Policy Studies > Disserations and Theses(M.A. Program in Public Policy Studies) > Item 987654321/20813

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Title:	「制衡」的爭議─民主思想、制度設計與憲政運作
Other Titles:	Separation of Powers in Question--Rethinking the theories, the Systems and the Practices of Constitutionalism
Authors:	姜讚裕
Contributors:	公共行政與政策研究所沈玄池;許仟
Keywords:	制衡;權力分立;總統制;雙首長制;內閣制
Date:	2001
Issue Date:	2015-05-18 10:24:53 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本論文寫成於我國第一次政黨輪替之後的第一次立法委員大選後，正是我國邁向民主鞏固的關鍵時刻；一般學界認為民主鞏固之標準向來有二次政黨輪替之考驗，此次立委大選結果則正是下次總統選戰之先聲，其重要性不言可喻。就在這樣國內政治版圖一片綠意下，本文提出了「制衡」爭議的探討，其實是十分弔詭而矛盾的。民進黨在黨外時期，乃至組成政黨之後的目標就是，終結國民黨的威權統治，制衡政府濫權暴政，然而時勢轉移，至今日在民進黨政府成立之後，本論文討論所要制衡的正是這個過去冀圖制衡國民黨威權的民進黨政府，果然「有權者必濫權」，制衡權力永遠有其必要與需要。制衡，須由權力分立談起；權力分立(separation of powers)，即將國家權力之作用，依其性質區分為若干單位，並由各別構成之獨立機關來行使，以形成相互制衡(Checks and balances)，藉以排除國家權力之集中與防止權力濫用，而保障國民主權與基本人權的政治原理。制衡權力之政治原理非於今日所憑空而生，早在二千餘年前，亞里斯多德即有所討論，亞典城邦也有過短暫民主實驗，此後歷經霍布斯、洛克、孟德斯鳩等先哲迭經演繹，衍化出當代自由主義之創生，乃至今日實證民主而有多元主義、精英論及新多元主義的發展，所探索者均是制衡國家這個「巨靈」，以兼具民主與效能；而當代憲政體制之典範，不論是總統制、內閣制，及至法國新近所創之雙首長制，則均是制衡政府權力、踐履民主理念之實現，足堪我國在憑空引進民主思想與制度時之借鏡。本論文同時耙梳我國自民國以來之憲政演變、行憲經驗及憲政缺失；我國憲政體制不斷擺盪於總統制與內閣制之間，第一部頒行的中華民國憲法雖採內閣制，則又因動員戡亂未能施行，所餘者是長達四十餘年的威權統治，及至近十年再歷經六次修憲，所出現憲政體制已傾向於法國雙首長制，然在施行上則又比不上法國般順利換軌，致造成今日我國「總統有權無責、閣揆有責無權，立法院則獨攬立法大權」權責不符的憲政亂象。由於本論文採新制度主義(New institutionalism)研究途徑開展，認為制度概念實際上是由三個相互環扣的因子所組成，即是個體、制度與環境；以追溯西方民主思想根源為起點，以憲政法理學的舖陳為基礎，探討我國憲政發展為經，借鏡先進民主國家制度為緯，交織編串，總結我國憲政制度之缺失非僅修憲可以改正；缺失可概括為:一、非理性公民；二、主政者權力追求；三、制度設計失衡。而提出的改革之道也可歸結為三：一、加強人民的法治教育，深厚選民民主素養；二、政治菁英的自制與無私；三、憲政制度的改革。主政者個體、憲政制度、現行制度施行前之制度、其他民主國家制度及至國家人民民主素養、法治教育基礎所構成之外制度環境等都是形塑一國憲政面貌的因素。修憲之議於國內政壇再度響起，不論憲政體制再修成何制，均受到前列因素之影響，究竟呈現何種憲政面貌則有待觀察。 The thesis is written during the critical period of Taiwan’s democratic development that KMT lost its control on government and parliament after more than fifty-years domination. Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won both presidential and parliament elections and became the most powerful party in Taiwan. Under this power-shifting context, how the check-and-balance mechanism would work becomes an important issue that is the main theme of the thesis. This research will first review the theories historically form Aristotle school to contemporary new pluralism school regarding the concept of separation of powers. The theories review will be used as analytical framework to discuss Taiwan’s constitutional experience after the (ROC) constitution was practiced problematically. Thesis is followed by my research developed under the new institutionalism perspective that regards individual, institution, and environment as three mutual affected elements of a political system. Three weakness points of Taiwan’s check-and-balance mechanism ( constitutional system) then is suggested: irrational citizens?, politicians’ seeking for power?, and unbalanced system?. The possible solutions to reform the mechanism are also provided: enhancing civic education, looking for unselfish politicians, and improving the constitutional system.
Appears in Collections:	[Department of International and China Studies, The M.A. Program of Asia-Pacific Studies and Public Policy Studies] Disserations and Theses(M.A. Program in Public Policy Studies)

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