社會、文化與自我：家庭托育的個案分析

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Title:	社會、文化與自我：家庭托育的個案分析
Authors:	張娟華 Chang, Chuan-hua
Contributors:	社會學研究所鄒川雄 Zou, Chuan-Xiong
Keywords:	社會;文化;自我;家庭托育 society;culture;self;family day-care
Date:	2001
Issue Date:	2015-05-19 14:42:37 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本文以家庭式的托育環境作為研究對象，討論幼童的社會化歷程以及在日常生活的遊戲與表演中，如何展現其主動選擇與創造的能力。首先從受托家庭的成員與幼兒間的互動，分析個體累積象徵本的方式；其次說明保母與幼童的溝通行為，係反映了個體的實踐對社會結構的重塑。藉由個案的分析，筆者企圖針對社會、文化與自我間的因果關係此一普遍議題進行反省。在社會與個人的互動上，筆者對於台灣社會的托育生態，進行政策與經濟面的分析，描述具體的社會制度對幼童照護方式的影響。同時指出這些現象並非結構層面，因為結構與個體的關係無法從具體的制度或組織中察覺，換言之，社會結構與個體係間接的聯繫，其中能加以觀察的現象，乃是結構的內涵，亦即文化。文化所內含的意識型態，對成人與幼童所產生的影響是本文分析的焦點。雖然從眾多的經驗研究中可以看出文化對於幼童行為表現的影響，但是隨著自我發展空間以及象徵符號傳播的管道增多，當代幼童的「話語權力」也隨之增加，親代不再是價值來源的唯一權威，此種互動模式的改變，使幼童不再只是文化的接受者，同時也扮演參與與創造者的角色。其次，筆者從自我的實踐，說明幼童的主體性係經由長期其他社會成員的互動而形成。從幼童學習象徵符號的過程中可以發現，由於媒體所傳播的內容多從幼童的角度出發，因此幼童累積了大量的象徵資本。同時幼童也運用新的語言改變溝通內容，而保母也學習其用語。雖然保母似乎主導了文化的傳遞，實則雙方已經共同形塑了新的文化內涵。因此，幼童在日常生活的表演，是重塑社會結構的機制。在納入時間的因素後，行動即成為變遷的來源。個體的行動首先改變了文化內容，而文化又引導了結構的變遷。幼童不僅接受社會成員的指導，同時也透過自我的創造力編導整齣即席表演。在許多時候，個體無法撼動社會所給予的制約，這是因為社會結構的改變總是緩慢的。我們透過互動改變了文化內涵，但因結構的隱形以及緩慢改變等特質，使我們以為是社會引導自我的發展，而非自我的共謀改變了文化與社會。本文以個體的行動聯繫社會、文化與自我間的關係，亦即從幼童在日常生活的各種表演中，指出傳統社會學認為社會與文化對自我所進行的型塑與操控的觀點，雖然回答了大多數的問題，但仍留下結構的變遷機制有待解決。本文認為，此一機制不僅是個體透過自我的實踐而達成，且所謂變遷並非源自結構之抽象與深層等特質，而係個體之共謀所致，換言之，結構之變與不變在於個體之抉擇；此外，與傳統所認為的結構居於優越地位有異者，本文以經驗材料論證結構並非難以撼動的抽象存在，且其變遷可透過個體的實踐與文化內容的選擇而達成。 The main issue of the thesis is rethinking the causality among social, culture, and self by means of a case study. The research material was collected through participant-observation in the family-style day-care situation where the children were looked after by the baby-minder. By analyze the socialization of children who demonstrate their own active creativity in the process of play and performance of daily life. I, at first, describe the various interactive patterns between people in family and the child, by which children accumulate the symbolic capital. Then I try to explain the communicative behavior what individual’s practice which has gradually alter the social structure. In the sphere of between society and individual. The author discuss the day-care policy of the government and indicate that the relationship between structure and individual is indirect, what we could observe is only the tangible institution, by which individual and structure is related is the culture. Many ethnographic data had demonstrated that culture has substantive impact on the development process of babyhood. With the increasing of media, children in the day-care family get more power of discourse than the equivalent in the traditional time did. The changes of interactive patterns make children not only the receiver of the culture, but the creative participant. Therefore, the daily and routine performance become the mechanism of altering the social structure. With regard to the time dimension, practice would result in the change of cultural disposition, which then cause the structural change. In many times, we perceive the structure as dominant to the self option because of the“dull-remove”property of the structure, In fact, it’s our explicit or tacit agreement make it possible that structure could stick there like a guard. In other words, the change or persistence of the structure depends on individual’s practice. The author has proved in this article that social structure is not a supreme existence, instead, it could be changed by the individual practice and the selection of cultural disposition.
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Applied Sociology, The M.A. Program of Sociology] Disserations and Theses(M.A. Program in Sociology)

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