從儀式與生計看殯葬改革對傳統殯葬從業人員的影響─以南投地區為例

NHUIR > College of Humanities > Department of Life-and-Death Studies > Disserations and Theses(M. A. Program in Life-and-Death Studies) > Item 987654321/21524

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Title:	從儀式與生計看殯葬改革對傳統殯葬從業人員的影響─以南投地區為例
Other Titles:	POTENTIAL AFFECTS ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF THOSE EMPLOYED IN THE FUNERAL SECTOR BY REFORMS IN FUNERAL AND BURIAL PROCEDURES AND CUSTOMS--A STUDY CONDUCTED IN NANTOU COUNTY, TAIWAN, 2004
Authors:	鄒輝堂 Tsou, Hui-tang
Contributors:	生死學研究所陳美華 Mei-hwa Chen
Keywords:	南投;殯葬改革;殯葬從業人員;生計;儀式
Date:	2004
Issue Date:	2015-06-16 14:23:55 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	殯葬改革是否會對傳統殯葬文化產生衝擊？喪葬禮儀的進行是殯葬業者非常重要的工作之一，業者如何認知自己的角色？業者對「殯葬禮儀師」的看法與政府或學者專家的角度有何差異？「業者品質」是否真如學者專家所言，係因傳統殯葬業者在大部分從學徒或半路出家，以師徒制方式傳承的情況下，難以提供優質的服務？殯葬改革是否衝擊業者的生計問題？傳統獨資業者如何在集團介入殯葬業經營中生存與發展？這些是本文所要瞭解與探討的問題。所以本研究的目的如下：一、瞭解殯葬從業人員對自我的了解與期望程度。二、瞭解殯葬從業人員對喪葬儀式的看法。三、瞭解殯葬改革對從業人員生計可能的影響程度與看法。四、從南投的殯葬從業人員生態角度瞭解其經營型態與模式。五、從殯葬從業人員的態度分析政府推動殯葬改革可能面臨的問題。　　　本論文以南投地區殯葬從業人員為研究對象，採用田野調查方法，本研究分成幾個部分進行，首先是搜集國內外學者、專家有關喪葬文化的研究論述，透過相關內容的分析，瞭解殯葬改革對殯葬從業人員的儀式與生計議題的重點與建議，做為整個研究探討的依據與參考。其次為具體瞭解南投地區殯葬從業人員對殯葬改革的瞭解與看法，利用訪談綱要做較為深入的訪談，將訪談錄音帶以逐字稿謄出；並利用參與喪葬儀式進行的機會將所見所聞概要式的記錄下來，做為輔助的參考資料。　　　透過資料的整理與分析，提出下列幾點研究報告：　　一、殯葬從業人員的認知方面：因為世代相傳及學歷等因素，面對快速變遷的社會及殯葬改革的呼聲中，在認知及資訊解讀能力均有不足的情況下，業者有出現難以適應及無所適從的現象。業者一方面對研習的期待是以原有經驗做為基準，面對較無實際經驗但學術知識豐富的授課師資不滿，一方面認為研習目的是在取得證書以方便營業執照的許可，所以有「花錢買證書」的心態及現象。這種現象顯示殯葬改革的腳步在南投地區仍有廣大的加強空間。　　二、殯葬傳統業者執行宗教殯葬儀式的角色方面：因為民間喪葬儀式的複雜，不少學者專家提議殯葬儀式應如基督教般簡化及制式化，但經由筆者訪談及參與的瞭解，南投殯葬業者在執行傳統殯葬儀式時是完全的「主導者」，但在其他宗教如基督教的儀式中則成為「等待者」。業者中僅有年青一代及集團企業化經營者認同簡化及制式化的提議，大部分的傳統業者表達不以為然的態度。此種態度可能包含二種意涵，一是對傳統喪葬文化喪失的憂慮，二是影響業者的生計。這二種意涵中，在業者而言，恐怕是生計問題大過於傳統文化喪失的問題。　　三、殯葬業的經營與生計方面：除了收取費用不明確造成喪家花大錢卻可能沒有獲得相對的服務品質，讓傳統殯葬業者失去喪家的信任進而影響未來的生計外，另外財團式的經營模式之介入，及生前契約的發展，都會讓傳統殯葬業者受到相當大的衝擊。　　　根據研究結果，筆者建議，業者自身應體認殯葬業是一種特殊的服務業，為講求「專業及分工」，所以應該積極參與各項研習以獲得相關知識與資訊，並真正以「專業服務」為特色來呈現。面對集團的龐大資金、充足人力、以及生前契約的預先搶走喪葬商機的威脅，可以整合南投各地有意願的殯葬業者共同組成具有規模的禮儀公司。至於政府方面，則應儘速在教育部門成立禮儀專門科系，培育殯葬禮儀師的人才；並儘速訂定殯葬禮儀師的考試內容，及加快執行殯葬業者評鑑的腳步等。　　This study aims to understand the ways traditional funeral culture are affected by changes in funeral procedures. The service itself is one of the most significant aspects of funeral customs. How can the funeral director be aware of his/her role in society? Funeral directors see their role as being different from that of people involved in government or academia. Are most people involved in funerals professionals or not? Is the criticism of and lack of trust in funeral directors caused by the perception that their training is by the old method of apprentice learning at the feet of the master? Has the livelihood of funeral workers been adversely affected by changes in funeral procedures? Can the small and traditional funeral parlor survive in the face of competition from the larger enterprises entering the field? This study tries to answer these questions.　　　Accordingly, the main purposes of this study are: 1. To understand what funeral workers expect and how well they understand their situation.2. To understand how they view the ceremony.3. To see if they understand the potential influence on their livelihood of changes in funeral procedures.4. To understand the situation of the funeral directors in Nantou County.5. To understand the possible problems for funeral workers resulting from the Government imposed changes. 　　　The field research for this study was done among funeral workers in Nantou County. There were several parts to the process. The first part was to research articles on funeral procedures both in Taiwan and in other countries. This helped us to understand funeral ceremonies and the livelihood of funeral workers, which in turn became the basis for further research. The second part consisted in interviews of funeral workers, tape recording and later transcribing the interviews. The third part consisted in attending services and observing first hand what took place.　　　The results of the above process are as follows:　　1. Because of their having been trained in the apprentice system and lower level of general education it is difficult for them to adapt to change, particularly to understand technological information. Many expected that their experience would serve as a good foundation for learning more about their field when they joined the seminars but discovered what they were being taught had little relationship with what they already knew. In turn, the lecturers, while having theoretical knowledge, lacked practical experience. The funeral workers saw attending the seminars as a means of obtaining a permit to do business. There is certainly an attitude of ＂spending money to purchase a license＂. This indicates that bringing about changes in the funeral procedures in Nantou County still has a long way to go.　　2. Because of the complication of folk religions many scholars and experts propose that the ceremony be simplified and standardized in a way similar to the Christian practice. Through the process of depth interviews it was discovered that funeral workers in Nantou totally ＂dominate＂ the traditional ceremony whereas in other religions, for example, Protestantism, they perform only auxiliary roles. Only the younger and more business minded among the funeral workers agree with the idea of simplifying the ceremonies. The older workers do not agree to changing things. They are concerned that the traditional customs will be lost. They are also apprehensive about the effect change will bring to their income and livelihood.　　3. Charging too many additional and hidden fees results in the family's spending much money without receiving quality service in return. This leads to a loss of trust in the traditional funeral worker which, in turn, begins to affect their business. The larger funeral businesses entering the scene, including with their contract made before the death has occurred, makes a significant impact on the business of the traditional funeral workers.　　　It was suggested as a result of the research that the funeral business is a special area of service in which both specialization and the division of work should be stressed. To keep up to date and informed and enhance their professionalism they should regularly take part in seminars. They face a serious challenge from the well funded funeral enterprises which also have large staffs. To survive they traditional funeral workers should unite and form a larger company that can compete. The government Department of Education should develop courses of study to train specialists in the funeral field. Secondly, the content of the examination material for qualifying examinations for a funeral director's license should be established soon, as should the system for examining funeral workers.
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Life-and-Death Studies] Disserations and Theses(M. A. Program in Life-and-Death Studies)

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