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| 題名: | 國際刑事法院常設化之研究 |
| 其他題名: | The Study on the Permanence of the International Criminal Court |
| 作者: | 王彥評
Wang, Yen-ping |
| 貢獻者: | 歐洲研究所
孫國祥
Guo-xiang Sun |
| 關鍵詞: | 歐洲國際軍事法庭;盧安達國際刑事法庭;遠東國際軍事法庭;前南斯拉夫國際刑事法庭;國際刑事法院 |
| 日期: | 2003 |
| 上傳時間: | 2015-07-02 15:35:08 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 二次世界大戰期間，德國及日本兩國大量且有系統的破壞人權事實，震驚全世界。國際社會為了制裁此等令人髮指的暴行，乃於倫敦召開會議，宣布將透過有組織的司法途徑，懲處違反如《海牙公約》的戰爭罪犯。隨後，國際社會分別成立歐洲國際軍事法庭及遠東國際軍事法庭，來追懲在戰爭期間犯下違反人道罪、戰爭罪及違反和平罪的個人。爾後，聯合國大會為了延續紐倫堡憲章、東京憲章及兩個國際軍事法庭的判決與效力，乃於一九四六年十二月十一日通過決議，確認該等憲章及法庭所承認的國際法原則，並交由國際法委員會進行編纂。後者努力編纂的效果便是所謂《紐倫堡原則》(Nuremberg Principles)。 冷戰期間，族群衝突的暴行被東西兩大陣營的意識形態壓抑下來，因此，各國家族群多能冷靜思考戰爭的後果。冷戰甫結束，這些積怨已久的憤恨，即刻爆發出來，最嚴重的莫過於發生在前南斯拉夫及盧安達境內的種族屠殺事件。而聯合國為了嚴懲這種慘忍的行為並維護正義，乃先後通過兩個決議案，分別成立前南斯拉夫國際刑事法庭及盧安達國際刑事法庭，以審理在這兩個地區的犯罪嫌疑人。無論是紐倫堡與東京大審，或是前南斯拉夫與盧安達國際刑事法庭等，都屬於臨時性質的國際法庭，在國際法的基礎上各有爭議，特別是這些法庭僅能審理與該案有關的惡行惡狀，而法庭審判完畢亦不復存在，使得這些暫時性的法庭，無法徹底遏止甚至預防戰爭的爆發。因此，若能尋找更堅實的國際法法律基礎，創設常設性的國際刑事法院，則更能杜絕臨時法庭的缺失。 國際成員不斷努力的結果，即是一九九八年的七月十七日各國在羅馬簽署的《國際刑事法院羅馬規約》。而二００二年七月一日，常設國際刑事法院更正式在荷蘭海牙成立，這顯示出普遍管轄權(Universal Jurisdiction)的時代已經來臨，對於那些飽受滅絕種族罪、違反人道罪、戰爭罪和侵略罪等嚴重罪行之害的人而言，未來將有一個尋回公義及保障其權力的國際管道。
During the period of WW II, the whole international community was shocked by the fact that Germany and Japan infringed upon human right considerably and systematically. To punish this kind of cruelty, international community convened in London declaring to penalize the war criminals that committed against Hague Convention. Thenceforward, International Military Tribunal and International Military Tribunal for the Far East were respectively set up to inflict a punishment on a individual criminal committed crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crime against peace during the War. Afterwards, UN Assembly adopted resolution on 11th December 1946 to confirm the international law principals recognized in the Nuremberg Charter, Tokyo Charter, and the two International Military Tribunals mentioned above. The resolution also authorized the Commission of International Law to compile the so-called Nuremberg Principles. During the Cold War, the violence of ethnic conflict was suppressed by the conflict of the two Great Powers, but broke out immediately after the end of the Cold War. The most serious consequences of the ethnic conflict found in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda concerning the ethnic cleansing. In order to punish severely these brutal behaviors, UN adopted two resolutions to set up International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to put on trial on the suspects. All the Nuremberg Trial, Tokyo Trial, International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda are provisional courts, and they are controversial upon their groundings. Since those tribunals were dismissed after the trials, those provisional tribunals can not prevent the breakout of the war. It is permanent to eradicate the flaw of the provisional tribunals to set up a permanent international criminal court. On 17th July, 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was signed in Rome. On 1st July, 2002 permanent International Criminal Court was formally set up in Hague, the Netherlands. This development reveals the time of Universal Jurisdiction. To those who are hurt by the Crime of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes, and Crime of Aggression, there will be a international institution assure their justice and right. |
| 顯示於類別: | [國際事務與企業學系(亞太研究碩士班,公共政策研究碩士班,歐洲研究碩士班)] 博碩士論文-歐洲研究碩士班
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