| 摘要: | 野生動物觀光屬於生態旅遊的一環，在觀光產業中扮演著重要的地位，但觀光對於物種來說會產生較高的環境壓力，特別是野生動物觀光市場中，有很大比例是以敏感性（或保育類）物種為對象，因此如何經營管理野生動物觀光已達永續觀光的目標是研究的重要議題。本研究以嘉義縣大林鎮上林社區夜間生態賞蛙活動為個案探討對象，因為研究場域內之諸羅樹蛙為二級保育類之樹蛙，所棲息之竹林為大林鎮主要之經濟作物。近來社區透過產業六級化概念推動以社區為基礎之生態旅遊（Community Based Ecotourism, CBET），生態旅遊如何經營管理可使得活動永續？社區在進行生態旅遊過程中所遇到的困難有哪些？如何克服？這些都是本研究亟待了解的事項。因此研究者親身參與社區大小的活動，透過觀察、訪談利害關係者，並佐以文獻之見解，藉由反思活動，提出對CBET之建議。 研究結果顯示，以社區為基礎發展生態旅遊，首先必須針對社區進行賦權，了解生態旅遊的初衷及目標；再者，經濟利得的產生、環境教育的導入、社區居民的參與對於CBET是重要的三元素，因此社區宜建立生態旅遊收費辦法，當金錢來入社區後，金錢的分配方式、人力派遣的規則，均須套過利害關係者的溝通並達成共識。此外，解說員培訓是重要的，但對於像是上林此等農村卻也是困難的一件事，因此CBET的推動，社區領導幹部是關鍵因素。再者，解說的成效亦得在每次解說後進行值化或量化的評估，以確保是否達成解說目標。而經營管理方面，遊客安全的考量、遊客人數的限制、場地輪替使用、手電筒照射方式、照射目標物種時間等管理規範皆須明確訂出，以減緩活動對環境生態之負面衝擊。此外活動監測與評估亦是CBET進行與否的關鍵環節，本研究也發現這是一般社區在推動生態旅遊最容易疏忽的地方，因此本研究認為，當社區推動生態旅遊，實有必要引進外部資源，透過社區賦權以永續推動生態旅遊。
Wildlife tourism is a part of ecotourism and plays an important role in the tourism industry. However, it generates high environmental pressure for the wildlife species. Especially in the wildlife tourism market, sensitive species (or protected species) are targeted. Therefore, how to manage wildlife tourism to achieve sustainable tourism is an important topic of research. This study is based on the case of nighttime ecological frogs watching in the Shanglin community of Dalin Town, Chaiyi County, as the tree frogs (species of Rhacophorus arvalis) in the research area are secondary level protected species, and the bamboo forest inhabited is the main economic crop of Dalin Town. Recently, the community promotes Community Based Ecotourism (CBET) through the concept of six grade industry. How management of ecotourism can sustain the activities? What are the difficulties community encountered in the process of ecotourism? How to overcome the difficulties? The researchers would like to understand all these questions in this study. Therefore, the researchers participate in community activities, and give suggestions to CBET through observation, interviews with stakeholders, literature review and self-reflection on the activities. The results show that to develop community based ecotourism, we should first empower the community and understand the original intention and objective of ecotourism. Secondly, the economic benefits, introduction of environmental education, and the participation of community residents are important for CBET. Therefore, the community should charge fee for ecotourism. When money comes, the stakeholders should communicate and come to consensus on the distribution of money and the rules of worker dispatch. In addition, the training of narrator is important, but is also difficult for the rural areas like Shanglin. Therefore, the community leading cadres are important for the promotion of CBET. Furthermore, the effectiveness of narrator's commentary should be evaluated each time to ensure that the objective is reached. In terms of management, the safety requirements of tourists, restrictions on the number of tourists, the use of venues, way of flashlight irradiation, and the time of irradiation of target species should be clearly defined to mitigate the negative impact of activities on the environment and ecology. In addition, activity monitoring and evaluation is also a key in CBET. This study found that this is the most common negligence in promoting ecotourism. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary for community to introduce external resources, and promote ecotourism sustainably through community empowerment. |
