中國新型養老保險制度,從原本計劃經濟時期的國家包辦,改為社會保險的模式,希望建立一個廣覆蓋的基礎養老保險,但目前仍然沒有全國統一性的保險制度,而是呈現一種「制度零碎化」的現象。本文藉助Esping-Andersen「福利體制(welfare regime)」的理論架構,提供一個新的視角,將福利制度提升至政治經濟學的層次,希望藉由「體制」的概念,加入理論義涵,幫助我們了解中國福利制度的輪廓樣貌,有別於相關制度設計方面的研究,在點出制度設計缺失之外,找出為何會如此設計、以及為何無法改善的結構性因素。 Esping-Andersen「福利體制(welfare regime)」的理論架構中將福利體制劃分為三種理念型,分別為自由主義、保守主義〈組合主義、極端國家主義〉、社會民主主義,並指出福利資本主體制義雖然可以提供各種形式的社會保障,但是由市場、家庭、政府提供不同程度的去商品化也會導致不同的社會階層化後果。福利階層化概念對中國的福利零碎化具有啟發性的作用,對中國來說,分配整個社會資源的邏輯既不是提供一套包含全體、齊平的養老保險,也不是單純的交由自由競爭市場制度分配,而是混入了濃厚國家干預的「國家主義」特徵,在經過改革開放不斷的分權之後,由中央集權轉為無數個大大小小,有著各自利益的地方公權力財政體系,藉由將權力層層下放,各地的政府們只需繳完應付的稅租,其他歸各地自理,政策制訂有著高度的自由性,藉以滿足各級政府的目標。而地方政府實際執行時,為了任期內經濟增長的激勵而競爭,也衍生了地方政府社會保障制度建設的價值取向,造成各地方、各層級政府成為封閉獨立的財政體系。 中國養老保險的矛盾點在於,一方面中央雖然強調要提高養老保險統籌層次,另一方面卻放任地方財政多種經營模式、多種勞動組織、多種計酬辦法,本來各地養老保險財政缺口的差異可以藉由中央補助來彌補,但中國的決策者把經濟總體高速增長列為優先,這種對增長的高度關注使他們願意容忍一定程度的不平等或更大的差異,藉由「分權」與「包乾」的行政體制,將社會保險財政補助與支出一樣由各地統包,這樣一來養老保險一樣也只能隨各地情況,不斷被層層下包給各層級的財政體制,因而被劃分為一塊塊的小群體,導致社會保險除了身分區格之外,各地方、各層級政府都必須為當地不同參保群體設計不同的繳費政策和待遇支付,產生了統籌層次低、制度銜接困難、轉移不易的問題,正是這些因素導致了中國新型養老保險制度零碎化後果。 Along with the process of economic reform, Chinese welfare system has also evolved from state responsibility in collective economy to social insurance in market-centric system. However, instead of building up a nation-wide system, Chinese welfare system has inflicted with the phenomena of the institutional fragmentation in which each local government sets up a welfare program for their own residents. The fragmentation problem often results in the reduced effect of risk pooling and inequality of social citizenship among different regions. In this thesis, we tackle this issue of pension reform by using and revising Esping-Andersen’s celebrated framework of the three worlds of welfare capitalism. With the help of welfare regime concept, we wish to explore the structural factors and historical process which make current Chinese welfare regime. The inspiring concept Esping-Andersen brings in is that welfare system is possible to induce social stratification rather equalization. This is especially noteworthy in the forming of Chinese pension system. Although ‘socialist market economy with Chinese charateristics’ widens the space for market trade, it critically reserve relatively strong intervention power of central and local governments. To promote economic growth, Chinese government carries on contracting system in which local governments are allowed to adopt different policy instruments necessary for economic growth. As a consequence, different areas develop their own ways of accumulation to take care of their local condistions and therefore their different ways of corresponding welfare system. It thus creates the fragmentation of Chinese social welfare system.