| 摘要: | 隨著避孕工具的發明、兩性平權運動的興起以及女性勞動參與率的提升，扭轉了傳統的性別角色，女性的生涯開始出現各式各樣的發展趨勢。這樣的轉變並非一步到位，我們可以說女性踏入勞動市場是傳統「男主外、女主內」性別角色的轉折點。如果把時間拉長，以「家庭」與「職業」為道路的兩端，不論以何為起點，我們都可以看到有些女性各佔據著兩端點，而有些女性正在兩者之間徘徊，使得女性生涯發展呈現多樣化的面貌。 Hakim(2000)將新世紀已開發國家的婦女之生涯偏好分為三類，分別為彈性生涯取向婦女(adaptive women)、工作生涯取向婦女(work-centered women)、以及家庭生涯取向婦女(home-centered women)。彈性生涯取向婦女指有子女與工作的雙生涯婦女，佔人口數最多，她們希望兼顧家庭與工作，家庭與工作何者為優先並無預設立場，偏好能兼顧兩邊的工作(例如教師)，職業訓練上的投資經常是一種預防失業的「保險策略」。工作生涯取向婦女以無子女(包括已婚或未婚)的職業婦女為代表，佔人口比例不高，但有增加的趨勢。就像男性一樣，她們專注於市場競爭與公共事務，積極投入職場歷練不是為了保險，而是為了職業生涯的發展，有最高的勞動參與率。家庭生涯取向婦女則以全職家庭主婦為代表，所佔人口比例越來越小。她們偏好婚後能專心「相夫教子」，雖然教育程度未必較低，但教育投入的主要目的是為了適配社會經濟地位較高的「良人」，進入職場是迫不得已的選擇。有最低的勞動參與率。 女性的生涯發展雖然越來越多樣化，但男性似乎沒有一條道路串聯「家庭」與「職業」，所有的道路都指向「職業」這個唯一終點。本研究企圖探討，當女性生涯發展從「家庭」轉向「職場」的同時，男性是否可能從「職場」走向「家庭」？ 本研究將以Hakim的分類範型，透過問卷調查，訪問大學高年級學生的家庭態度與工作態度，以此推測兩性生涯發展趨同的可能性。 研究結果發現，男性不排斥女性進入職場，但在態度上希望妻子能在家負責家務；而男性對家務的接受度與女性對家務的接受度距離雖不遠，可是在實際問到外出工作情形時，男性會較傾向外出工作。女性較男性更無法接受家庭主夫，且較期待男性能外出工作，且女性本身也非常希望能外出工作；男性雖然可以接受自己成為家庭主夫，但卻礙於社會觀感以及經濟的性別角色，而不敢實際行動。曾經接觸過家庭主夫的大學生，對於家庭主夫的看法，多為中立的態度。此等訊息似乎透露，未來十數年內，家庭主夫仍有機會出現，但主要是女性不接受男性的轉變。因此短期內，若從就業的角度來看，兩性的生涯發展具有相互趨同的可能性；但若從生涯發展的多樣性來看，在兩性對於「家庭主夫」的接受度都有限的情況下，趨同的可能性恐怕不大。
As the innovation of contraceptive, progress of egalitarian movement and the rise of female labor force participation rate, today’s women have varied choices between family and labor market. Women’s participation in labor market is the turning point of traditional gender role in which men are breadwinners and women are housekeepers. Actually, women have struggled and shifted between family and labor force market for a long time. The process is always dynamic. Some women could be struggling for entering the labor market, some eagerly want to redeem their home duties, and the others are in the middle and haven’t made their final decision. According to today’s female diversified lifestyle preference, Hakim(2000) put women in developed countries in the 21st century into three groups: adaptive women, worked-centered women and home-centered women. First of all, the adaptive group consists of women who want to combine family and employment together (for example: a teacher). They have no definite idea about which one is their most favor. They make investment in occupation usually just for avoiding joblessness. Secondly, the work-centered women usually don’t have children, but they may be married or unmarried. They are minority, but the number of this kind of women has increased gradually. Just like male, they have high labor force participation rate and pay much attention to market competition and public affairs. They invest in occupation are not for avoiding joblessness, but for the development of professional career. Finally, housewife is the representative of home-centered women. They are also minority and the number of this kind of women is decreasing. They have the lowest labor force participation rate, prefer not to work, want to stay at home, and give priority to children and family life throughout their life. Their education levels are not necessary lower than the other two kinds of women’s, but their qualified education is for marrying men with higher social and economic statuses. Today’s women have had diversified work-lifestyle preference already, but today’s men still have only one choice – breadwinners. In this paper, we quest that when more women are moving from housework to market work; will men have the possibility of moving from market work to housework? Is it possible that the gender division of house/market works will be replaced by a professional division? That is, is it possible that there will be a gender convergence on work-lifestyle? Following the Hakim’s idea (Hakim, 2000), I designed a work-lifestyle questionnaire to collect college students’ attitudes on househusband and their preferences on house/market work. A nation-wide sample of third grade college students by a Proportional Probability Sampling (PPP) procedure is created. Result firstly show that most men accept wives entering labor market, but still want wives charging in housework. Secondly, men and women’s attitude toward doing housework are similar, but men extremely emphasize they want to be breadwinners. Thirdly, most men and women want to work, but the main reason for men is being a breadwinner and the main reason for women is being economic independence. Fourthly, the proportion of accepting a househusband for women is lower than the proportion for men. Finally men accept others being a househusband, but not themselves. These results indicate that the appearance of househusband is possible in Taiwan, but it could not be popular because most women reject the exchange of gender role. Since both men and women want to participate labor force market, in terms of employment, there will be a gender convergence on work-lifestyle. But since most men and women reject a househusband, in terms of diversified lifestyle, there will be not a gender convergence on work-lifestyle, at least in the near future. |
