傅柯(Foucault)晚期透過〈法蘭西學院〉(Collège de France)1980年後的一系列課程及《性史》(The history of sexuality)卷二、卷三等向我們揭露希臘思想中的主體與真理之間關係；同時也透過〈何謂啟蒙？〉相關主題文章分析康德的批判意涵，在這些課程、書及文章的出版中，希臘思想在傅柯晚期提供了西方真理主體之系譜學洞見，而對康德的〈答「何謂啟蒙？」之問題〉一文的分析，則將傅柯所有思想工作重置在哲學的批判傳統之中。然而在這兩條看似回歸傳統的路線上，並不是尋求一個起源的保障，反倒是使這兩條路徑匯聚在傅柯的分析中，從而開展出一個不同的真理及倫理主體面向。透過康德，傅柯帶領我們思考翻轉康德三大批判的不同的批判意涵，批判首先是一種態度，即是對於「如何能不要這樣被治理」的思考，這樣的態度同時成為對「當前」的再思考。透過對希臘文化中的「說真話」(la parrêsia/parrhesia) 之探討，傅柯解析出個體與真實話語間的關係不只是認識真理而是有勇氣說出它，尤其是在蘇格拉底那裡，「勇氣」和「說真話」的關係落實到倫理關係中，意即涉及他者。傅柯在康德和蘇格拉底兩人的對照中，解析出一條不同的批判取徑。 In Volumes 2 and 3 of The History of Sexuality, as well as through a series of courses that have been held at Collège de France since 1980, Michel Foucault reveals the relationship between sub-jectification and truth as advocated in Greek ideology. He also high-lights the significance of “being critical,” as described in his anal-yses of Immanuel Kant's “Answering the Question: What Is En-lightenment?” Specifically, Foucault's books and courses offer in-sights into Western truth genealogy as preached in Greek ideology, whereas his analyses on Kant's “Answering the Question” restate his criticisms of philosophical traditions. Although Foucault's and Kant's publications may initially seem to follow the same path (i.e., a tradition-related search for the origin of life), they actually demon-strate the diverse subjectification-based dimensions of truth and eth-ics. In particular, by studying Foucault's interpretation of the signif-icance of Kant's three major criticisms, readers learn that being crit-ical is an attitude that emphasizes an avoidance of being “governed in a particular manner.” Such a thought process eventually becomes a “rethinking” of the status quo. By examining the idea of “telling the truth” (la parrêsia/parrhesia) that was practiced in Greek culture, Foucault found that the relationship between subjectification and truth was more than just knowingthe truth: it also entailed having the courage to tell the truth. While Socrates defined the relationship between courage and truth-telling as a type of ethical relationship, and one that involves other parties, Foucault compared Kant and Socrates and derived an alternative critical path.
