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http://nhuir.nhu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/20815
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| 題名: | 中國大一統的歷史研究 |
| 其他題名: | A Historical Study of Grand Unification in China-From the Qin and Han Dynasties to Late Qing Dynasty, with the establishment of Taiwan Province |
| 作者: | 何湘英
Ho, Hsiang-Ying |
| 貢獻者: | 公共行政與政策研究所
許仟
Chien Hsu |
| 關鍵詞: | 中國;秦漢;大一統;明清;台灣
China;The Qin and Han Dynasties;Grand Unification;The Ming and Qing Dynasties;Taiwan |
| 日期: | 2002 |
| 上傳時間: | 2015-05-18 10:24:55 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 一反以往秦漢一統思維的一般性研究，本文旨在呈現大一統的完整史觀，用以探索大一統的存在與演變。為達此目的，並兼顧目前台灣與中國大陸的「一個中國」之爭議，本文乃以秦漢一統迄清末台灣建省為時代斷限，並以「一綱三階」為架構探討之。 所謂一綱係一總綱，即由中國文化尋求對「中國」和對「大一統」的基礎認知，而三階乃將總綱加以演繹，並分三個時期敘述，即自元上溯前諸各代為大陸型大一統期，明清兩代與台灣議題之糾結俱納入大一統之承轉期，自台灣建置為府以後則稱海洋型大一統期。這個切隔可能產生一個疑問，即中國歷史具有抽刀斷水水還流的整體性、既糾葛不清，也切之不斷，何以強作此分？緣此，乃須先行澄清，本文旨在建構一統的現象與進程，並藉之強化台灣有空間移轉的一統斷層，而有此區隔。實則，本研究也試圖在內容上強調明清一面是續大陸型一統，另一面又臨海洋型一統的挑戰。正因夾雜此兩型思維，此階段的衝突性也最艱鉅。 就大陸型一統來看，中國的確未因朝代更迭，異族入侵，或區域相隔，而有所頓失。仔細追究，中國自古以來的「家國天下」觀，對此一統文化有其深遠影響。然而在封建帝國的中央集權下，「大一統」漸而蘊含四大特質，即皇帝之統治、封建制轉移郡縣制、完成官僚制的中央集權機構、採用個別人身統治的理念。正因此故，卻又迫使中國經常陷入紛亂與分崩中，其中尤以南北朝、五代為最。只是這些分裂既未曾撕裂中國文化，而兩次異族入主中國，也未斲喪中國的傳承，疆域的變化和大小更無損於中國歷史的一慣性，似乎總是蜿蜒迂迴後，又重回固定軌道上。無疑的，這種一慣性，形塑了「大陸型大一統」的軌轍。 既為軌轍，理應一以貫之，無任歷史的推進。偏偏明末荷蘭東進，卻使中國呈現從所未有的轉變。它將相沿過去僅在中國本土發展的大一統，轉向中國東南海徼的台灣，由是揭開了海洋型大一統的序幕。到了滿清異族的鼎革，歷史的循環重現，再度引來漢族殘餘勢力的反抗，最後以鄭成功立足台灣，形成海陸峙立。其後，台灣因漢民的持續轉入，文化的同質性愈增，台灣也漸不自覺地捲入大一統的體系中。就這樣直至台灣建制，海洋型大一統乃正式啟動。 透過本研究可以發現，大一統有其不變的「一統」思維，也有其可變的疆域概念，更有其實踐的一貫原則。首先，在疆域上它並不侷限於大陸本土，當然也就可以延伸到近海之島嶼，更可擴展至邊陬海外的太平洋沿岸上。其二，在實踐上，它也並非毫無理性的縱容侵略，而是以政權鞏固為依據。凡被界定為有害其政權者，即漸進被納入一統之疆界。其三，在相融上，它還有個先決條件即，這些地區都必曾在中國的分裂史中轉動。所以分即合，從此分合的任一過程，都可有系統地追溯大一統的自然走向。綜此，本文以為大一統本是封建產物，卻也因其歷經時代的轉折，而綰系中國，並轉與中國同軌，其結果是只要有中國存在，無關封建與否，大一統觀都將續存。
Unlike previously authored theses, which mostly focus on the thought of unification during the Qin and Han Dynasties, this thesis presents a complete historical view of the existence and progression of the Grand Unification. In order to offer the historical events and their causes, leading up to the current controversy of “one China” across the Taiwan Strait, this thesis covers the unification beginning with the Qin and Han Dynasties, and continuing until the late Qing Dynasty,.when Taiwan was established as a province. Included here is a general discussion and an analysis of three phases of unification. In the general discussion, by examining Chinese culture, the basic concepts of ＂China＂ and ＂Grand Unification＂ are addressed. The Three phases of unification, which are extracteded from the general discussion, outline the three seperate periods of Grand Unification： Mainland Grand Unification - the period of theYuan and previous dynasties; Transitional Grand Unification - the time of Ming and Qing Dynasties including the issue of sovereignty over Taiwan; and Offshore Grand unification - after Taiwan was incorporated into China during the early Qing Dynasty . Chinese history is known for its integrity and consistency, so is the Grand Unification. Therefore, a question may rise about splitting the Grand Unifiation into three separate periods. For this reason, it must be made clear that the main focuses of this thesis are the phenomena and progression.of unification, and especially the space difference of unification in Taiwan. All in all, the Grand Unification during the Ming and Qing Dynasties had been progressing chiefly on the mainland while facing offshore challenges. The exercises of Mainland and Offshore Grand Unification during this period, therefore, resulted in the bitterest conflicts. When looking back at the Mainland Grand Unification, it should be realized that China has always existed, though there had been an alternation of dynasties, an invasion of different barbarian tribes, or a split of regions. Upon probing deeply into this subject, it is very obvious that the concept of ＂Family-State-the World＂ in ancient China has had a deep influence on the culture of unification. Also, there had been four different political characteristics during the Grand Unification periods: Emperor's rule: The system changed from feudalism to administrative prefectures and counties; The accomplishment of bureaucractic centralized government, and One-person rule. These complex ruling systems often caused China to be in a state of disorder and disunity, especailly during the South and North Dynasties , as well as Five Dynasties. Despite its chaotic condition, Chinese culture was never destroyed or made extinct. The rule of the Mongols and the Manchus over China. did not interrupt the Chinese heritage,either. What’s more, whether there was a loss or an expansion of its territory, the consistency of Chinese history stayed unharmed after going through so many twists and turns. Without a doubt, this unique consistency had cemented the Mainland Grand Unification . The Grand Unification would have been straightward as a progressive history if it had stayed on the track. But, the Dutch advancing eastward changed the course of Grand Unification and made it expanded to include Taiwan. The Offshore Grand Unification was underway. ever since then. When the Manchu Qing Dynasty succeeded in ruling the whole of China, the remnants of the defeated Ming Dynasty rose against it. This led China to another unification. After Cheng,Cheng-Kung and his people failed to restore the Ming Dynasty, they retreated to Taiwan and established the Ming Cheng Government to fight against the Qing Empire. As time passed, and more Han Chinese people migrated to Taiwan from the mainland, the Chinese culture became deeply rooted in Taiwan. Then Taiwan became involved in the system of Grand Unification. After Taiwan was under the administration of the Qing Dynasty, the offshore Grand Unificaion had officially begun. Through this study, the very important findings are that the Grand Unification has a uniform idea of unification, a variable concept of territory, and an integral principle of exercise. First, it does not only occur on the mainland, but also reach offshore island on the southeast coasts, and even including the farther Taiwan along the Pacific Ocean. Secondly, the exercises of Grand Unification are to consolidate China, not to make itself behave irrationally and invade others’ territories. All other political powers that could threaten China would become engulfed by the unification in a gradual progress. Thirdly, in order to have others unified, a necessary condition is that they have already been experiencing the Chinese disunity. This corroborates that “disunity” and “unification”may exist together. Therefore, any courses of them can be used as a good source of tracing the orgins and trends of the Chinese Grand Unification. From the above findings, it comes to a conclusion: The Grand Unification progressed from the feudal system advanced along with China’s growth. Consequently, despite the extinction of the feudal empire, the Grand Unification will keep going as long as China exists. |
| 顯示於類別: | [國際事務與企業學系(亞太研究碩士班,公共政策研究碩士班,歐洲研究碩士班)] 博碩士論文-公共政策研究碩士班
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