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| 題名: | 台灣地區婦女勞動參與歷程的變遷 |
| 其他題名: | Female Labor Participation and its Historical Change in Taiwan |
| 作者: | 李大正
Li, Ta-cheng |
| 貢獻者: | 教育社會學研究所
楊靜利
Ching-li Yang |
| 關鍵詞: | 時期;婦女勞動參與率;世代 |
| 日期: | 2003 |
| 上傳時間: | 2015-06-02 17:06:25 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 隨著社會發展與變遷，台灣地區婦女勞動參與率呈現上升趨勢，代表社會對於女性勞動力的的接納與需求程度已越來越高。雖然婦女勞動參與率持續上升，但並不代表女性在家庭與工作間的衝突就會降低，如果婦女的就業型態與歷程沒有產生變化，代表婦女勞動參與其實沒有多大的變遷。有關影響婦女就業因素的討論，以往研究已有相當豐富且一致的結論，因此本文將著重於種種因素作用之後，婦女勞動參與歷程的變遷。 婦女勞動參與變遷的原因可從供給面與需求面來看，前者如婦女擁有的人力資本與所處的家庭生命週期是影響其勞動供給的主要因素；後者如社會環境能否提供足夠的就業機會以及大眾如何看待婦女就業行為。為了檢視供給面與需求面因素對婦女勞動參與的影響，我們以在學率、平均教育年數、有偶率代表人力資本與家庭生命週期因素，以人均實質所得以及兩性相對工資反映經濟發展與社會的性別角色期望，分析其對於近三十年來（1971-2001）婦女勞動參與率變遷的影響。迴歸分析的結果顯示女性人力資本的提升以及經濟成長有利於婦女勞動參與率上升，家庭照顧負擔則有負向作用；唯相對工資未產生顯著影響效果，可能代表其反映了兩性相對人力資本的變化，而無法反映性別刻板印象之變化。 在婦女勞動參與歷程的變遷方面，我們首先利用1965-2001年「人力資源調查」的年齡別婦女勞動參與率資料，將之轉換為世代別婦女勞動參與率，以描繪出不同出生世代婦女的綜合勞動參與歷程。其次利用1980年、1990年與2000年的「婦女婚育與就業調查」資料，進一步分析婦女勞動參與類型與歷程的變遷。 結果顯示婦女勞動參與類型並沒有太大變化，近二十年來傳統型與中斷型兩者合計約佔了一半左右的比例，持續型則有下降趨勢。最明顯的變化是從未工作者的比例大幅下降。此隱含著家庭仍然是已婚婦女生活的重心；就業在組織家庭前是必要的，一旦成家之後，工作即可以犧牲，至少是短暫的犧牲。就勞動參與歷程的變遷來看，主要的變化在於中斷型就業者離開勞動市場的年齡延後而重返勞動市場的時間提前，顯示婦女中斷就業的期間逐漸縮短。
Although the female labor force participation (FLFP) rate in Taiwan has been increasing for decades, it does not mean that the conflict between family and work felt by women has diminished. For women, especially those married, the pattern of employment is as important as the level of FLFP rate in measuring their accessibility on work. In this thesis, a time series logistic regression model employing macro variables is used to explain age-specific FLFP rate trends for 31 years, from 1971-2001. A family life course based strategy is used to evaluate employment pattern of women aged 40-49 in 1980, 1990, and 2000. FLFP is determined by supply side and demand side factors. The former includes human capital and family constraint. The later includes economic development and gender role attitudes. For the operational manipulation in the regression model, we used enrollment and years of schooling, proportion of married women, consumer consumption index adjusted GDP per capita, and relative wage to men as indices of human capital, family constraint, economic development, and attitude shift on gender role, respectively. We find that the schooling rates and female marriage rates have negative effects on the female labor force participation rate; educational attainment and RGDP have positive effects. However, the effects of relative wage, which reflect the change of gender role attitudes, are not significant in most equations. In order to describe the female employment changes, we used a 1965-2001 Manpower Survey to construct the synthetic employment process for different birth cohorts. By comparing data from the 1980 to 2000 Women’s Marriage, Fertility and Employment Survey, we found out that conventional and interrupted employment pattern is the most popular type (about 50%). The most apparent change is the proportion of never-worked type that significantly decreased. As to the interrupted type, the interrupted duration was shorter for the younger cohort. These results indicate that from early times to the present, half of the married women sacrificed work for family. Results show that female labor force participation and type do not vary greatly. In the past twenty years, conventional and interrupted employment pattern both account for around 50% while continuous type decreased. This means that the family is still very important to a married woman’s life. Seeking employment before getting married is a must and once a family is formed, work can be given up or at least, for a time. From the labor force participation and historical changes, the biggest change is in the interrupted employment pattern workers who have left the labor force market at a much later age while returning to the labor market earlier. Female interrupted employment time is thus gradually shortening. |
| 顯示於類別: | [應用社會學系(社會工作與社會設計碩士班,教育社會學碩士班)] 博碩士論文-教育社會學碩士班
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